App Mesh Canary Deployments

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This guide shows you how to use App Mesh and Flagger to automate canary deployments. You'll need an EKS cluster (Kubernetes >= 1.16) configured with App Mesh, you can find the installation guide here.
Bootstrap
Flagger takes a Kubernetes deployment and optionally a horizontal pod autoscaler (HPA), then creates a series of objects (Kubernetes deployments, ClusterIP services, App Mesh virtual nodes and services). These objects expose the application on the mesh and drive the canary analysis and promotion. The only App Mesh object you need to create by yourself is the mesh resource.
Create a mesh called global:
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cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
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apiVersion: appmesh.k8s.aws/v1beta2
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kind: Mesh
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metadata:
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  name: global
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spec:
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  namespaceSelector:
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    matchLabels:
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      appmesh.k8s.aws/sidecarInjectorWebhook: enabled
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EOF
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Create a test namespace with App Mesh sidecar injection enabled:
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cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
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apiVersion: v1
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kind: Namespace
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metadata:
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  name: test
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  labels:
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    appmesh.k8s.aws/sidecarInjectorWebhook: enabled
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EOF
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Create a deployment and a horizontal pod autoscaler:
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kubectl apply -k https://github.com/fluxcd/flagger//kustomize/podinfo?ref=main
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Deploy the load testing service to generate traffic during the canary analysis:
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helm upgrade -i flagger-loadtester flagger/loadtester \
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--namespace=test \
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--set appmesh.enabled=true \
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--set "appmesh.backends[0]=podinfo" \
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--set "appmesh.backends[1]=podinfo-canary"
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Create a canary definition:
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apiVersion: flagger.app/v1beta1
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kind: Canary
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metadata:
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  name: podinfo
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  namespace: test
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spec:
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  # App Mesh API reference
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  provider: appmesh:v1beta2
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  # deployment reference
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  targetRef:
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    apiVersion: apps/v1
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    kind: Deployment
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    name: podinfo
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  # the maximum time in seconds for the canary deployment
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  # to make progress before it is rollback (default 600s)
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  progressDeadlineSeconds: 60
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  # HPA reference (optional)
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  autoscalerRef:
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    apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2
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    kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
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    name: podinfo
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  service:
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    # container port
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    port: 9898
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    # App Mesh ingress timeout (optional)
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    timeout: 15s
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    # App Mesh retry policy (optional)
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    retries:
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      attempts: 3
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      perTryTimeout: 5s
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      retryOn: "gateway-error,client-error,stream-error"
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    # App Mesh URI settings
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    match:
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      - uri:
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          prefix: /
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    rewrite:
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      uri: /
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  # define the canary analysis timing and KPIs
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  analysis:
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    # schedule interval (default 60s)
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    interval: 1m
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    # max number of failed metric checks before rollback
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    threshold: 5
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    # max traffic percentage routed to canary
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    # percentage (0-100)
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    maxWeight: 50
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    # canary increment step
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    # percentage (0-100)
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    stepWeight: 5
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    # App Mesh Prometheus checks
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    metrics:
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    - name: request-success-rate
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      # minimum req success rate (non 5xx responses)
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      # percentage (0-100)
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      thresholdRange:
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        min: 99
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      interval: 1m
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    - name: request-duration
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      # maximum req duration P99
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      # milliseconds
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      thresholdRange:
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        max: 500
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      interval: 30s
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    # testing (optional)
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    webhooks:
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    - name: acceptance-test
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      type: pre-rollout
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      url: http://flagger-loadtester.test/
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      timeout: 30s
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      metadata:
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        type: bash
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        cmd: "curl -sd 'test' http://podinfo-canary.test:9898/token | grep token"
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    - name: load-test
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      url: http://flagger-loadtester.test/
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      timeout: 5s
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      metadata:
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        cmd: "hey -z 1m -q 10 -c 2 http://podinfo-canary.test:9898/"
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Save the above resource as podinfo-canary.yaml and then apply it:
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kubectl apply -f ./podinfo-canary.yaml
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After a couple of seconds Flagger will create the canary objects:
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# applied 
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deployment.apps/podinfo
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horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/podinfo
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canary.flagger.app/podinfo
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​
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# generated Kubernetes objects
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deployment.apps/podinfo-primary
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horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/podinfo-primary
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service/podinfo
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service/podinfo-canary
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service/podinfo-primary
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​
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# generated App Mesh objects
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virtualnode.appmesh.k8s.aws/podinfo-canary
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virtualnode.appmesh.k8s.aws/podinfo-primary
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virtualrouter.appmesh.k8s.aws/podinfo
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virtualrouter.appmesh.k8s.aws/podinfo-canary
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virtualservice.appmesh.k8s.aws/podinfo
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virtualservice.appmesh.k8s.aws/podinfo-canary
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After the boostrap, the podinfo deployment will be scaled to zero and the traffic to podinfo.test will be routed to the primary pods. During the canary analysis, the podinfo-canary.test address can be used to target directly the canary pods.
App Mesh blocks all egress traffic by default. If your application needs to call another service, you have to create an App Mesh virtual service for it and add the virtual service name to the backend list.
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  service:
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    port: 9898
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    backends:
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      - backend1
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      - arn:aws:appmesh:eu-west-1:12345678910:mesh/my-mesh/virtualService/backend2
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Setup App Mesh Gateway (optional)
In order to expose the podinfo app outside the mesh you can use the App Mesh Gateway.
Deploy the App Mesh Gateway behind an AWS NLB:
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helm upgrade -i appmesh-gateway eks/appmesh-gateway \
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--namespace test
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Find the gateway public address:
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export URL="http://$(kubectl -n test get svc/appmesh-gateway -ojson | jq -r ".status.loadBalancer.ingress[].hostname")"
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echo $URL
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Wait for the NLB to become active:
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 watch curl -sS $URL
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Create a gateway route that points to the podinfo virtual service:
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cat << EOF | kubectl apply -f -
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apiVersion: appmesh.k8s.aws/v1beta2
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kind: GatewayRoute
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metadata:
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  name: podinfo
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  namespace: test
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spec:
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  httpRoute:
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    match:
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      prefix: "/"
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    action:
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      target:
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        virtualService:
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          virtualServiceRef:
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            name: podinfo
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EOF
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Open your browser and navigate to the ingress address to access podinfo UI.
Automated canary promotion
A canary deployment is triggered by changes in any of the following objects:
Deployment PodSpec (container image, command, ports, env, resources, etc)
ConfigMaps and Secrets mounted as volumes or mapped to environment variables
Trigger a canary deployment by updating the container image:
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kubectl -n test set image deployment/podinfo \
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podinfod=stefanprodan/podinfo:3.1.1
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Flagger detects that the deployment revision changed and starts a new rollout:
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kubectl -n test describe canary/podinfo
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​
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Status:
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  Canary Weight:         0
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  Failed Checks:         0
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  Phase:                 Succeeded
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Events:
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 New revision detected! Scaling up podinfo.test
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 Waiting for podinfo.test rollout to finish: 0 of 1 updated replicas are available
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 Pre-rollout check acceptance-test passed
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 5
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 10
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 15
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 20
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 25
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 30
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 35
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 40
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 45
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 Advance podinfo.test canary weight 50
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 Copying podinfo.test template spec to podinfo-primary.test
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 Waiting for podinfo-primary.test rollout to finish: 1 of 2 updated replicas are available
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 Routing all traffic to primary
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 Promotion completed! Scaling down podinfo.test
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When the canary analysis starts, Flagger will call the pre-rollout webhooks before routing traffic to the canary.
Note that if you apply new changes to the deployment during the canary analysis, Flagger will restart the analysis.
During the analysis the canary’s progress can be monitored with Grafana. The App Mesh dashboard URL is http://localhost:3000/d/flagger-appmesh/appmesh-canary?refresh=10s&orgId=1&var-namespace=test&var-primary=podinfo-primary&var-canary=podinfo.
App Mesh Canary Dashboard
You can monitor all canaries with:
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watch kubectl get canaries --all-namespaces
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​
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NAMESPACE   NAME      STATUS        WEIGHT
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test        podinfo   Progressing   15
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prod        frontend  Succeeded     0
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prod        backend   Failed        0
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If you’ve enabled the Slack notifications, you should receive the following messages:
Flagger Slack Notifications
Automated rollback
During the canary analysis you can generate HTTP 500 errors or high latency to test if Flagger pauses the rollout.
Trigger a canary deployment:
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kubectl -n test set image deployment/podinfo \
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podinfod=stefanprodan/podinfo:3.1.2
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Exec into the load tester pod with:
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kubectl -n test exec -it deploy/flagger-loadtester bash
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Generate HTTP 500 errors:
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hey -z 1m -c 5 -q 5 http://podinfo-canary.test:9898/status/500
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Generate latency:
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watch -n 1 curl http://podinfo-canary.test:9898/delay/1
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When the number of failed checks reaches the canary analysis threshold, the traffic is routed back to the primary, the canary is scaled to zero and the rollout is marked as failed.
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kubectl -n appmesh-system logs deploy/flagger -f | jq .msg
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​
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New revision detected! progressing canary analysis for podinfo.test
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Pre-rollout check acceptance-test passed
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Advance podinfo.test canary weight 5
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Advance podinfo.test canary weight 10
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Advance podinfo.test canary weight 15
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Halt podinfo.test advancement success rate 69.17% < 99%
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Halt podinfo.test advancement success rate 61.39% < 99%
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Halt podinfo.test advancement success rate 55.06% < 99%
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Halt podinfo.test advancement request duration 1.20s > 0.5s
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Halt podinfo.test advancement request duration 1.45s > 0.5s
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Rolling back podinfo.test failed checks threshold reached 5
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Canary failed! Scaling down podinfo.test
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If you’ve enabled the Slack notifications, you’ll receive a message if the progress deadline is exceeded, or if the analysis reached the maximum number of failed checks:
Flagger Slack Notifications
A/B Testing
Besides weighted routing, Flagger can be configured to route traffic to the canary based on HTTP match conditions. In an A/B testing scenario, you'll be using HTTP headers or cookies to target a certain segment of your users. This is particularly useful for frontend applications that require session affinity.
Flagger A/B Testing Stages
Edit the canary analysis, remove the max/step weight and add the match conditions and iterations:
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  analysis:
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    interval: 1m
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    threshold: 5
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    iterations: 10
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    match:
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    - headers:
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        x-canary:
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          exact: "insider"
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    webhooks:
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    - name: load-test
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      url: http://flagger-loadtester.test/
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      metadata:
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        cmd: "hey -z 1m -q 10 -c 2 -H 'X-Canary: insider' http://podinfo.test:9898/"
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The above configuration will run an analysis for ten minutes targeting users that have a X-Canary: insider header.
You can also use a HTTP cookie, to target all users with a canary cookie set to insider the match condition should be:
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match:
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- headers:
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    cookie:
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      regex: "^(.*?;)?(canary=insider)(;.*)?quot;
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webhooks:
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- name: load-test
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  url: http://flagger-loadtester.test/
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  metadata:
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    cmd: "hey -z 1m -q 10 -c 2 -H 'Cookie: canary=insider' http://podinfo.test:9898/"
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Trigger a canary deployment by updating the container image:
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kubectl -n test set image deployment/podinfo \
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podinfod=stefanprodan/podinfo:3.1.3
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Flagger detects that the deployment revision changed and starts the A/B test:
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kubectl -n appmesh-system logs deploy/flagger -f | jq .msg
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​
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New revision detected! progressing canary analysis for podinfo.test
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 1/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 2/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 3/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 4/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 5/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 6/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 7/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 8/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 9/10
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Advance podinfo.test canary iteration 10/10
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Copying podinfo.test template spec to podinfo-primary.test
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Waiting for podinfo-primary.test rollout to finish: 1 of 2 updated replicas are available
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Routing all traffic to primary
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Promotion completed! Scaling down podinfo.test
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The above procedure can be extended with custom metrics checks, webhooks, manual promotion approval and Slack or MS Teams notifications.
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Contour Canary Deployments
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Contents
Bootstrap
Setup App Mesh Gateway (optional)
Automated canary promotion
Automated rollback
A/B Testing